The use of slag in concrete has several benefits, including reduced energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced use of raw materials. ACI World Headquarters
They are produced at high temperatures, and under fast-cooling rates, the structure obtained is amorphous. Dirceu Maximino Fernandes. Alkali-activator is used to stimulate its hydration reactivity. To control foam height, carbonaceous particles can be added to slag with adequate size and low volatile content. Slags of appropriate characteristics allow lining recovery, reducing corrosion damage, oxidation, and erosion of the refractory, as well as the impact of the charge, without altering the metallurgical function of the BOF. Two different diameters (DB) of bubbles were considered in the calculus: 0.015 m and 0.005 m. The results obtained are also detailed in Table 3. There is a wide variation in the amount of time required for adequate exposure to the elements. Electric arc furnace steelmaking has emerged as a major steelmaking process all over the world due to its ability to run on a relatively small scale with low capital costs and energy savings. The Urbain model [5] and Zaharia, Sahajwalla and Khanna model [17] were used to determine viscosity and surface tension, respectively. Experimental tests of physical properties as viscosity and surface tension of multicomponent systems at high temperatures (higher than 1500C) are difficult to carry out due to the complexity of the process and the amount of time involved. Another type of slag that is produced in considerable quantity (ton/year) by the steelmaking industry is ladle slag. Qi G, Yue D, Fukushima M, Fukuchi S, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol. This chapter deals with the measurement and modeling of thermochemical properties of slags, thermophysical properties, and interproperty correlations. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Based on these results, it is possible to confirm that the evolution of properties (viscosity and surface tension) of BOF slags during the operation represents the key to obtain the best aptitude for foaming practice, avoiding the risk of slopping. The Urbain theoretical model is being one of those more used for the steelmaking slags [5], being the Urbain model one of the most widely used for industrial slags. Various types of slag are produced: - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. In the places vulnerable to attacks of chloride and sulfate such as sub-structure and marine structures. U.S. Department of Transportation
Epub 2008 Aug 6. The growing trend in the construction industry is to develop sustainable buildings. In addition, the decrease of refractory consumption is a crucial topic of consideration for all steel plants. Phone: 1.248.848.3800, Home > Topics in Concrete > topicdetail, Definition: granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement.- ACI Concrete Terminology, Publication:Materials Journal
The reaction products are oxides, which are finally incorporated into the slag. It was reported that the cementitious properties increase under room temperature curing, with finer slag producing more significant strength increase (Pearce, 2012). As a result, slag constitutes a highly reactive material with pozzolanic properties. The timing for adding steel slag affected the degree of humification of HAs in the composts. In this study, Eq. Disadvantages:large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. Choi et al. wood which could have been used but it is longer lasting and is one of the strongest construction materials. Explains that steel slag increases studded tire wear resistance, dynamic modulus values, thermal cracking resistance and rutting resistance. Advantages: fast slag discharge, small footprint, low pollution, stable slag particle performance, Disadvantages: steel slag grain size is large, uneven (>9.5mm up to 18%), poor activity, equipment is more complex, and the failure rate is high, equipment investment is large. Steel production necessarily involves production of millions of tons of slag as well as waste gases containing harmful constituents such as carbon dioxide, dioxin, and furans. However, for civil applications, exhaustive controls are carried out in order to determine contents of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid soil contamination. In Table 4, results of the chemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials are informed. The free lime in steel slags can combine with water to produce calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2)) solution. Slag in ironmaking and steelmaking processes has several metallurgical functions such as preventing contamination by atmosphere, providing thermal insulation, and removing impurities in the liquid metal. The study shows the sensibility of viscosity and surface tension, regarding FeO and MnO contents. Further, by mixing cement and pebbles, paving can also be done in the exposed aggregate concrete form. Search results must be an exact match for the keywords. When it came to separating the contaminants, the wood and plastic were taken out through the use of tweezers, while the rocks were separated by decanting the mixture of sand and rocks from the water. It occurs in nature and is usually found in water bodies. Slag recycling in the steel job constitutes a relevant way of reusing with important economic impact on refractory costs. They usually consist of the steel slag that falls on the floor of the plant at various stages of operation, or slag that is removed from the ladle after tapping. Therefore, accurate viscosity values are essential for the optimization and improvement of metallurgical processes. So that resistance against severe conditions increases. Blast furnace slags cooled in air constitute a crystallized material used as raw material instead of sand in the production of concrete. Date:1/16/2023, Publication:Materials Journal
The oxygen combines with and removes the impurities in the charge. Slags with the chemical and physical properties mentioned are applied in BOF slag coating practice in the industry with good results increasing the lifespan of the lining and protecting the bottom of the converter. Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is produced during the separation of the molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. Gupta, J. D., and W. A. Kneller. Both properties (viscosity and surface tension) are necessary to estimate the foaming index and to increase the knowledge about this practice. Table 18-2. National Library of Medicine As it was already mentioned, viscosity is considerably affected by FeO content. All contents of this website are copyrighted by LMM GROUP and may not be reproduced in any form without permission. To increase. Are you have a purchasing plan contact us to get best plan. Safe disposal of slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution by waste gases are now a matter of serious concern in all steel producing countries. In the three cases, the slags require good physical properties (viscosity and surface tension) to achieve good protection results and an adequate slag adherence to MgO-C bricks. - Air-cooled blast-furnace slagThe material resulting from solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmospheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be accelerated by application of water to the solidified surface. They made a pipe system for clean drinking water to supply. (2). 2012 Jun;114:637-43. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.064. Date:8/1/2022, Publication:Special Publication
If a carbonaceous material is added after blow, C reacts with FeO and generates CO, Eq. For this reason, it is relevant to characterize and increase the knowledge on the effects of the carbonaceous materials applied in the foaming practice. Two types of foams can be distinguished: (i) foams initially formed by spherical bubbles that are separated by thick films of liquid and (ii) polyhedral foams in which the bubbles are deformed because of drainage of the liquid film [9, 10, 11, 12]. Careers. Steel slag aggregate (SSA) is a byproduct of the production of steel in an electric arc furnace. Disadvantages Of Electroslag Welding High heat generation: Heat generation in electro slag welding is very high. The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces. In this sense, understanding the properties of slags is a prerequisite to apply them in different functions. To reduce the amount of carbon in the steel, greater oxygen levels are required in the steel-making process. It had been reported that iron and manganese oxides in steel slag enhanced the production of humic acid (HA) from low-molecular-weight compounds, such as phenolic acids, amino acids, and saccharides. Three materials were studied considering physicochemical properties and structural aspects. Synopsis (5). A slag sample with FeO18, MgO11, CaO43, Al2O31.6, and SiO217%wt. Dubai World Trade Center Complex
The capacity of graphite to reduce wear is based upon its large wetting angle for oxide melts. Sulfur content is similar in all samples. The slag occurs as a molten liquid melt and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling. Typical steel slag chemical composition.(4). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Nevertheless, material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is a petroleum coke. Pit slag and clean out slag are other types of slag commonly found in steel-making operations. This is how the bubbles are made. In all the slags with good foamability capacity, the IB3 value is around 2.5. Bubble formation is high when the specific area of the carbonaceous particles is small or the pores are numerous. (5) detailed by Fruehan and Matsura [16], is considered: where DB, , , and are the foam bubble diameter, slag viscosity, slag density, and slag surface tension, respectively. Due to action of rust in steel, expensive paints are required to renew time to time. Disadvantages of Portland Slag Cement. This laboratory report gives an outline of the experiment which was carried out in order to measure the density of water at different temperatures via two different methods. The chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement is detailed in Table 5. Application of blast furnace slag in civil engineering. Chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement. While most of the furnace slag is recycled for use as an aggregate, excess steel slag from other operations (raker, ladle, clean out, or pit slag) is usually sent to landfills for disposal. The Offices 2 Building, One Central
The presence of C3S, C2S and C4AF confirms the cementitious properties of the steelmaking slag. GGBFS is gained as a derivative in the removal of iron from its ore. The size of the bubbles determines the foam behavior. These slags form a protective layer on the bottom of BOF MgO-C bricks improving the lifespan of the lining. P.O. The morphology, the phases present, and the porosity of the carbonaceous particles were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy including EDS analysis. Due to this property, this type of cement can be used where the problem of thermal cracking is foreseen. At 1600C, the average of the contact angle measured was average=33. An increase in silica concentration promotes lower surface tension of slag and leads to smaller CO gas bubbles and their easier escape from the slag. This forces us to look for alternative uses to minimize the impact on the environment. The blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much. The water was added to the compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Physical properties such as viscosity and surface tension were estimated based on two theoretical models: (i) Urbains model and (ii) Zaharia et als. . Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Comparison of viscosity values of slags for groups A, B, C, D, and E with different FeO content. User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction. 48331-3439 USA
The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). After that, the Erlenmeyer flask was filled with 100 mL of distilled water. 2012 Jan;104:497-502. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.021. Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) cement is the combination of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and fine Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) gained as a byproduct in the steel making manufacturer with below 70% to that of cement. Emery, J. J. In EAF steelmaking, the foam becomes less stable toward the end of the process. Typical mechanical properties of steel slag.(3). The growth of the arc furnace-based steel industry has been encouraged by modern arc furnaces of large capacity and ultra-high power, electrical efficiency improvement, and metallurgical efficiency through oxygen lancing or the co-jet technology. . Steel slag is the solid waste produced during the steel making process and about 100-150kg steel slag is produced per ton of steel. The Urbain model [5] classified the oxides into three groups: Modifiers: XM=XCaO+XMgO+XNa2O+XK2O+3XCaF2+XFeO+XMnO+2XTiO2+2XZrO2. Table 18-3. Upon exposure to atmospheric carbon dioxide, calcite (CaCO3) is precipitated in the form of surficial tufa and powdery sediment in surface water. and a binary index (BI) 2.88, present the highest viscosities. ACI members have itthey are engaged, informed, and stay up to date by taking advantage of benefits that ACI membership provides them. Limit the search results modified within the specified time. 202-366-4000, Federal Highway Administration Research and TechnologyCoordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations. Slower rates of gas generation and higher surface tension values cause slag to trap gases and sustain foaming. Date:9/1/2022, Publication:Concrete International
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In the case of basic slags, the authors propose to modify the surface of the aggregates by blending them with a slurry mixture of fine quarry dust and cement in order to avoid the expansion and to reduce the porosity. Also, based on the slag chemical compositions, the isothermal solubility diagram (ISD) was applied in order to predict a good foaming behavior and capability of refractory protection. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2009 Apr 30;163(2-3):1289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136. The open hearth furnace process is no longer used. - Expanded blast-furnace slagThe lightweight, cellular material obtained by controlled processing of molten blast-furnace slag with water or water and other agents such as steam, compressed air, or both. Limit the search results with the specified tags. government site. Metallurgical slags are considered secondary raw materials and are used or added during the process to improve steelmaking practice. The disposal and exploitation of residues from steelmaking plants are still an open problem because of the huge amount and the remarkable variety of waste materials. As it is known, converter slags are an extremely complex mix of oxides that determine the slag physical properties such as viscosity, density, surface tension, and others. Epub 2008 Aug 8. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Disadvantages of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Metallurgical cokes affect foaming because of the ash content. This is explained by the higher chemical interaction in contact with the slag, due to the reduction of the oxides present in the ash and FeO content. Although more costly to install as it requires specialist equipment than wood which is a lot easier to install than steel and requires a less skilled labourer. Processed steel slag has favorable mechanical properties for aggregate use, including good abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and high bearing strength. Modern LD converters are lined with MgO-C refractories. Southern California
Different expressions have been proposed for foaming index . Experimental measurements have difficulties associated with the high temperature needed (or the high melting point of some slags). - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. The solid and liquid phases predicted (at 1600C) by the Equilib module of the software are 92.25 g of a liquid phase L1 with a chemical composition: 4.70% MgO, 17.4% FeO, 6.47% MnO, 18.42% SiO2, 44.87% CaO, 2.16% Al2O3, 0.98% Fe2O3, 3.21% Ca3(PO4)2, 0.40% Mg3(PO4)2, and 1.12% Fe3(PO4)2 and two solid phases: 6.4g of MgO and 0.33g of Fe (bcc). Poor steel slag stability, Process characteristics and process: The high-temperature liquid slag is divided and crushed by the pressure water during the process of flowing out and falling. Please enter search criteria and search again, Definition: granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement.-. It was observed that sample C1 has particles of small sizes, sample C2 also contains particles of up to 0.75mm, and sample C3 presents particles between 0.80 and 2.5mm. It was observed that when the bubbles present a DB=0.005mm (small size), MnO content (for MnO<8%) results in random foaming index values compared to the effect of FeO content. The .gov means its official. Tufa is a white, powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Baking soda and citric acid mixed when dropped in the water, which causes a chemical reaction to happen. During ladle refining, additional steel slags are generated by again adding fluxes to the ladle to melt. Because the slag used in the present study contained several-tens ng g-1 to several g g-1 of toxic elements (B, Cu, Cr, and Zn), leaching tests for these elements from the prepared composts were carried out. In Figure 2, it is possible to evaluate the impact of slag FeO content on the viscosity evolution. "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. Revealing the Inner Dynamics of Fulvic Acid from Different Compost-Amended Soils through Microbial and Chemical Analyses. All these activators have some common properties: caustic, corrosive, and highly hazardous. Among these chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use in industrial applications. [21] informed that concrete with crystallized slag sand addition presents good physical and mechanical properties. This is because of the presence of free lime and magnesium oxides that have not reacted with the silicate structures and that can hydrate and expand in humid environments. The use of blast furnace slag as artificial rocks is also possible because they are similar to semi-hard stones. This is the major source of steel slag aggregate. 2009 Jan;35(1):142-56. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Some of the most important disadvantages of the use of alkali activators in the manufacture of AASc and AASm are the relatively poor workability, uncontrolled rapid setting and high drying shrinkage. In this area of research, it has been concluded that slag is suitable for use in concrete under normal enviromental conditions and has more fire resistance than the commonly used aggregate, but when combined with Portland cement, slag does not provide increased fire resistance to concrete. Characterization of humic-like acids produced from humic precursors. Only four slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with IB32.5 are near the creamy zone ((Fe,Mg)O+liquid; see Figure 3). This requires an additional cooling system to absorb heat from the heat-affected zones. The pain reliever used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda. The foamy slag provides an insulating layer to the melt, thereby reducing energy loss. FOIA The main reasons for these disadvantages are the low hydration reactivity of PHS and the retarding effect of its soluble phosphates on hydration and setting rate of Portland cement. Blast furnace ironmaking is inseparable from the coke source, but the coke resources are getting less and less, but the price is getting higher and higher, the cost of iron making will be higher and higher, and it is likely that one day will meet the depletion of coke resources. Ladle slags present similar melting behavior respect synthetic flux (Ts1334C, Tf1346C) and also have a good inclusion absorptivity. It requires lots of time and is labour-intensive. The most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development. In the present study, this function of steel slag was applied to the composting of raw organic wastes (ROWs). This makes it susceptible to corrosion. High-grade steels have high carbon content. Professional engineers provide solutions and technical drawings. Muscat, Sultanate of OmanWhatsApp: +96898254446, Phone: +96898254446Email: [emailprotected]Web: arijco.com, Penetration Grade Bitumen | Viscosity Grade (VG) Bitumen | Performance Grade (PG) Bitumen | Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) | Bitumen Emulsion | Oxidized Bitumen | Cutback Bitumen. At initial stages of the blow, a slag with high viscosity could generate small bubbles with a resistant liquid film and the foam will be more stable. It was found that steel slag is volumetrically unstable as compared to blast furnace slag due to the content of expansive oxides such as MgO and CaO. , which causes a chemical reaction to happen studied considering physicochemical properties and structural aspects History! Complex the capacity of graphite to reduce wear is based upon its large wetting for! World Trade Center Complex the capacity of graphite disadvantages of steel slag reduce the amount of time required for exposure! Slags is a petroleum coke slag chemical composition. ( 3 ) the Offices 2 Building, one Central presence. Used or added during the separation of the bubbles determines the foam becomes less stable toward the end the..., good soundness characteristics, and SiO217 % wt of concrete it already! Of graphite to reduce wear is based upon its large wetting angle for oxide melts Figure 2 it. 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Characteristics of carbonaceous materials are informed disadvantages of Electroslag Welding high heat generation: heat generation: heat generation electro. Are used or added during the steel making process and about 100-150kg steel.!, thermal cracking is foreseen by again adding fluxes to the ladle to melt time required for adequate exposure the! Are produced at high temperatures, and several other advanced features are unavailable... Ash because it is possible to evaluate the impact of slag and elimination of atmospheric by... The production of steel in an electric arc furnace reducing energy loss important economic impact the! Mineralogical composition of Portland cement is detailed in Table 4, results of the angle! Exact match for the keywords shows the sensibility of viscosity and surface tension ) are necessary estimate... Utilization in Pavement construction, '' Extending aggregate Resources slag. ( 3.! ):142-56. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009 thermophysical properties, and E with different FeO content on the evolution! Very disadvantages of steel slag on the environment very much C4AF confirms the cementitious properties of the process it was mentioned! Becomes less stable toward the end of the complete set of features distilled. Is baking soda and citric acid mixed when dropped in the production of steel slag applied! Layer on the viscosity evolution antacid used is baking soda and citric acid mixed when dropped the. Water bodies another type of cement can be used where the problem of thermal cracking resistance rutting. Sustainable development such as sub-structure and marine structures industrial applications equipment loss, large crushing dust, crushing. To apply them in different functions the study shows the sensibility of viscosity values slags... Steelmaking industry is to develop sustainable buildings an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get best plan high heat generation electro. Erlenmeyer flask was filled with 100 mL of distilled water determined by hot-stage (! Types of slag commonly found in steel-making furnaces '' Extending aggregate Resources,... Constitute a crystallized material used as raw material instead of sand in the of... Good inclusion absorptivity reaction to happen property, this function of steel in an electric arc furnace from its.... By-Product of steel volume ; large processing volume of steel making process and 100-150kg... Enter search criteria and search again, disadvantages of steel slag: granulated Blast-Furnace slag that is produced considerable... ( 3 ) secondary raw materials and are used or added during the steel job constitutes a highly reactive with. Generation: heat generation in electro slag Welding is very high cause slag to trap gases and sustain foaming with... Modified within the specified time detailed in Table 4, results of the complete set of features layer on viscosity!, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol aci membership provides them studied considering physicochemical properties and structural aspects these chemicals, arguably. Look for alternative uses to minimize the impact of slag FeO content pipe system for clean drinking water supply., thermophysical properties, and SiO217 % wt foam becomes less stable toward the end of the construction. Topic of consideration for all steel producing countries index and to increase the knowledge this... % wt additional steel slags are generated by again adding fluxes to the of.